A Brief History of the Cotswolds: From Ancient Settlers to Modern Charm

The Cotswolds, a region of rolling hills, honey-coloured stone villages, and timeless charm, is steeped in history. Spanning thousands of years, its past is one of ancient settlers, Roman influence, medieval wealth, and modern-day appeal. This blog takes you on a journey through the history of the Cotswolds, exploring how it became the picturesque and culturally rich area we know today.

Prehistoric Beginnings: Early Settlers and Mysteries

The story of the Cotswolds begins long before recorded history. Archaeological discoveries reveal that the area was home to Neolithic and Bronze Age settlers over 5,000 years ago. The remains of burial mounds, such as Belas Knap Long Barrow near Winchcombe, and ancient hillforts like Uley Bury and Crickley Hill, suggest that early communities thrived in this landscape. These early inhabitants farmed the land, built stone monuments, and left behind mysteries still studied today.

Moss-covered mound with a cutaway section under a cloudy sky, surrounded by trees. Wet ground hints at recent rain, evoking a serene mood. — Belas Knap - on this rainy day people were sheltering inside, including me!

The Romans Arrive: The Rise of Corinium

In AD 43, the Roman Empire invaded Britain, forever altering the Cotswolds. The town of Corinium Dobunnorum (modern-day Cirencester) became the second-largest Roman settlement in Britain, bustling with trade, military presence, and grand architecture. The Romans built luxurious villas, such as Chedworth Roman Villa, complete with intricate mosaics and bathhouses, evidence of the wealth and sophistication of the time. Roads like the Fosse Way linked the Cotswolds to the rest of the empire, establishing it as an important hub of Roman Britain.

Medieval Prosperity: The Golden Age of Wool

Following the fall of Rome, the Cotswolds evolved into a centre of medieval wealth, thanks to the wool trade. The region’s lush pastures were ideal for sheep farming, and Cotswold wool became known as the best in Europe. This prosperity led to the construction of grand churches, often referred to as "wool churches," such as St. John the Baptist in Cirencester and St. James’ Church in Chipping Campden. Many of the beautiful villages we see today, with their charming stone cottages, owe their existence to this golden era.

Stone archway leads to a courtyard with a glowing green tree. Cobblestone floor, dim lighting, and an ancient, rustic atmosphere. — The old market building in Chipping Campden, built in 1627 for the sale of wool, and still used for markets today

Tudor & Stuart Turmoil: Rebellion and Change

The 16th and 17th centuries saw upheaval across England, and the Cotswolds were no exception. During the English Civil War (1642–1651), the region became a battleground between Royalist and Parliamentarian forces. Towns like Stow-on-the-Wold witnessed key skirmishes, with the final battle of the war taking place there in 1646. The decline of the wool trade, alongside political unrest, led to economic hardship for some areas, though agriculture and market towns remained resilient.

Ruins of an old stone building with arched windows, surrounded by blooming wildflowers and greenery under a blue sky. Calm and serene mood. — Ruins at Sudeley Castle, which was heavily attacked during the civil war

Georgian & Victorian Revival: Arts, Railways, and Industry

The 18th and 19th centuries brought new influences. The Arts & Crafts Movement, led by figures like William Morris, sought to revive traditional craftsmanship in response to industrialisation. Morris made his home at Kelmscott Manor, inspiring a wave of artistic creativity across the Cotswolds. Meanwhile, the expansion of the railway in the 19th century connected the region to major cities, bringing tourism and a new wave of prosperity. This era saw the rise of stately homes and a renewed appreciation for the countryside.

Stone castle with two towers under a clear blue sky. People are walking on the grassy hill. UK flag on top, bushes nearby. — Broadway Tower - William Morris spent many days working and relaxing here

20th Century to Today: Conservation and a New Identity

The Cotswolds’ transformation into a sought-after retreat began in the early 20th century. Recognising the area's unique beauty, efforts were made to preserve its heritage. In 1966, the Cotswolds was designated as an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB), ensuring its protection for future generations. Today, the region is a blend of historic preservation and modern charm, attracting visitors from around the world. From traditional market towns to Michelin-starred restaurants and luxury countryside retreats, the Cotswolds continues to evolve while maintaining its timeless appeal.

The History of the Cotswolds - A Living History

The history of the Cotswolds is a rich tapestry woven with ancient mysteries, medieval wealth, and cultural revival. Every village, landmark, and landscape tells a story that spans thousands of years. Whether you’re wandering through Roman ruins, exploring historic market towns, or simply enjoying the scenic beauty, you’re walking in the footsteps of generations who shaped this remarkable region.

If you want to explore the history of the Cotswolds for yourself, stay tuned for more in-depth blogs covering specific periods, famous figures, and hidden historical gems!